CARD9 and fungal lung infectious disease: At the population level, patients carrying the Y238X polymorphism were shown to be more likely to have oral and gastrointestinal Candida colonization (Plantinga et al., 2009), and were at greater risk for developing invasive mold infections following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (Cunha et al., 2010), at odds with the absence of pulmonary fungal infections in CARD9-deficient patients.