TNF and obesity disorder: Chronic, low-level vascular inflammation in type 2 diabetes and obesity, with a number of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1α/β, IL-6, and TNFα, as well as upregulation of cyclooxygenase-2 expression can affect coronary vasomotor responses [24, 28], but their specific roles in coronary vascular homeostasis in obesity are largely unclear due to scarcity of available data thus far.