It was shown that activation of PPAR-γ inhibits TGF-β-induced loss of E-cadherin expression, the induction of mesenchymal markers (vimentin, N-cadherin, fibronectin), MMPs and antagonizes Smad3 function, thereby preventing metastasis in lung cancer (Reka et al., 2010). Here, SMAD3 is linked to lung carcinoma.