In addition, it is known that the VDR is not only expressed by ovarian and testicular cancer cells [22, 28] but is also expressed on murine and human teratocarcinoma cells, murine embryonic stem cells, and developmentally early stem cells that express several primordial germ cell markers isolated from adult tissues, which have been described as very small embryonic-like stem cells (VSELs) [5–7, 31]. Here, VDR is linked to testicular cancer.