In contrast, several studies have reported functional abnormalities in the stroma of MDS patients [77,78], including increased secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor alpha/TNFα, interleukin 1 beta/IL-1β, interleukin 6/IL-6, interferon gamma/IFNγ and transforming growth factor beta/TGFβ) [73,75,79,80,81,82]. This evidence concerns the gene IL1B and myelodysplastic syndrome.