TNF and cancer: The metastatic cancer features that are characterized by high invasiveness, tumorigenicity, metastatic potential and drug resistance are closely associated with poor prognosis in several types of cancer.25 From our previous study, we demonstrated that TNF-α-activated hMSCs (act hMSCs) induce apoptosis in TRAIL-sensitive cancer cells.23 To further examine effects of act hMSCs on cancer cells, the metastatic features were analyzed in MDA cells after treatments as shown in Figure 1a.