These ‘M1-representative’ cytokines, if appropriately harnessed, may have immediate impact against tumour – the former could enhance Th1 differentiation and stimulate the release of IFN-γ, serving as a potent adjuvant in cancer immune therapy;34 while the latter, a pro-inflammatory cytokine with complex biological function, could directly suppress certain tumours35. The gene discussed is IFNG; the disease is cancer.