Maternal characteristics including BMI, ethnicity and family history of diabetes were evaluated, as were risk factors specific to pregnancy such as maternal age at diagnosis of GDM, parity, gestational age at diagnosis, weight gain in pregnancy, hypertensive diseases in pregnancy and preterm birth, and levels of fasting, post-load blood glucose levels during OGTT, HbA1c in pregnancy and use of insulin for managing GDM. The gene discussed is INS; the disease is diabetes mellitus.