In pre-clinical studies, adoptive transfer of SHP-1 knockout T-cells has been shown to be beneficial in a model of leukaemia [52], whereas two phase I clinical trials have been taken place to assess the safety of using systemic treatment with sodium stibogluconate (SSG), a licensed treatment for leishmaniasis that is also an active-site inhibitor of SHP-1 and the related SHP-2, as a cancer therapy [53,54]. This evidence concerns the gene PTPN6 and leishmaniasis.