NF‐κB activity is increased in COPD patients compared with controls38, 39 and in cachectic COPD patients compared with non‐cachectic COPD patients.38, 40 Furthermore, limb muscle NF‐κB activity is increased in patients with lung cancer cachexia.41 FOXO mRNA and protein expression are increased in patients with COPD,38, 39, 42, 43, 44, 45 seemingly independent of body composition, although it is noticeable that in all studies, the patient group showed signs of emphysema. This evidence concerns the gene NFKB1 and lung cancer.