INS and Insulin resistance: Activation of JNK leads to phosphorylation of serine307 on insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1), thus inhibiting insulin signaling pathway, a condition that turns into a stage of insulin resistance due to defective downstream signaling, including reduced protein kinase B/Akt (Akt) activation and NO synthesis (Taniguchi et al., 2006; Hotamisligil, 2010).