INS and type 1 diabetes mellitus: However, because of the shortage of donorpancreases and islets, as well as the significant risk associated with transplantationand life-long immunosuppression, the rational differentiation of stem cells intofunctional beta-cells remains an attractive alternative29, 30.Nevertheless, a definitive cure for T1DM should address both the beta-cell deficit andthe autoimmune response to cells that express insulin.