INS and type 1 diabetes mellitus: However, insulin independence 5 years after islettransplantation can only be achieved in up to 55% of the patients even when usingthe latest generation of immune suppression strategies25, 26.Transplantation of human islets or the entire pancreas has allowed T1DM patients tobecome somewhat insulin independent, which provides a proof-of-concept for beta-cellreplacement therapies27, 28.