Interestingly, the proinflammatory cytokine, CCL5 (RANTES), which we found to positively correlate with Peptococcaceae levels, has been linked with the development of colitis (Elinav et al., 2011), therefore the functional role of RANTES in stroke-induced gut microbiota changes will need to be investigated in future studies. The gene discussed is CCL5; the disease is colitis.