TNF and inflammation: Similarly, MAPK inhibitors SP600125 and SB203580, but not PD98059, significantly reduced TNF-α (Figure 5(f)) and IL-1β (Figure 5(g)) in BALF of UCP2-Ad + LPS mice compared to UCP2-NC + LPS mice, demonstrating that enhanced UCP2 expression increased LPS-induced lung inflammation via the JNK and p38 MAPK pathways.