The urinary APE1/Ref-1 levels were significantly elevated in patients with T1 (0.622 ± 0.043 ng/100 μL), T2 (0.657 ± 0.049 ng/100 μL), and T3-T4 (1.065 ± 0.048 ng/100 μL) stage BCa, compared to levels in subjects of the control group (Figure 2(c)), indicating that urinary APE1/Ref-1 level may discriminate between tumor stages. Here, APEX1 is linked to neoplasm.