In adults, Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase of cardiovascular diseases, in particular when 25-(OH)-vitamin D level is below 30 ng/mL.[46] Many mechanisms may be implied in this link between vitamin D deficiency and cardiovascular disease, such as the participation of 1,25-(OH)-vitamin D in the regulation of renin-angiotensin axis and in the modulation of smooth muscle cell proliferation, as well as inflammation and thrombosis. This evidence concerns the gene REN and vitamin D deficiency.