We cannot exclude that, at least in vivo, the TRAM-34-induced phenotype switch of M/MΦ could be secondary to a direct effect of the drug on glioma.14 However, this would only partially explain the effect, because similar effects on cell phenotype were obtained with CD11b+ cells from human GBM biopsies treated with TRAM-34 and with pure cultured microglia exposed to GCM or IL-4. This evidence concerns the gene ITGAM and glioma.