APP and Cognitive impairment: In this study, indiscriminate cytokine secretion was one of potential mechanism underlying cognitive impairments in APP/PS1 mice and SAMP8 mice, although the direct reason causing AD-like behaviors and pathology of APP/PS1 mice and SAMP8 mice was considered the overexpression of the hAPP encoding gene with Swedish mutation together with the mutant PS1 gene and accelerated aging respectively.