VHL and nonpapillary renal cell carcinoma: The reliance of ccRCC on aerobic glycolysis has been mostly attributed to mutations in the VHL/HIF pathway and subsequent up-regulation of HIF-target genes in glucose metabolism such as glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1), phosphoglycerate kinase 1 (PGK1), lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA) and pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1 (PDK1) [7, 8].