PTGS2 and osteoarthritis: These cytokines and chemokines are able to activate nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), boost cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2) production , induce nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), synthesis of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and nitric oxide (NO), which result in the inflammation in synovial accompanied by arthrosis, swelling, hyperplasia, angiogenesis, bone destruction, and finally arthritic decay [5,6,7].