Pseudo-hypoxia may be achieved through inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, such as the von Hippel–Lindau (VHL) tumor suppressor, E3 ubiquitin ligase gene (VHL); the genes associated with the succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) complex (the SDHx genes); and the fumarate hydratase (FH) gene. This evidence concerns the gene VHL and neoplasm.