Age, smoking, hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, renal failure, physical activity, and menopause are the risk factors, and factors like inflammatory factor, oxidative LDL, osteopontin, vitamin D, and estrogen are predicted to have an effect on the correlation between BMD and vascular stiffness and osteoprotegerin has been highlighted as an important factor [34]. Here, SPP1 is linked to acute kidney injury.