TGFB1 and Epstein-Barr virus infection: It appears that, in EBV-associated carcinoma, transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) facilitates integrin assembly and cytoskeletal actin dynamics thus promoting EBV infection; and TGF-β1 also induces cell differentiation with the expression of the immediately early EBV gene, BZLF1, thus promoting productive replication of EBV [23].