Interestingly, the involvement of the BCL-2 family of proteins in ouabain-mediated effects in cells is also supported by the finding that the Na,K-ATPase α subunit contains BH1- and BH3-like motifs, similar to those involved in the pairing of BCL-2 family proteins among each other (Zha et al., 1996; Lauf et al., 2015), and that the BCL-2 family member proteins, BCL-XL and BAK1 co-immunoprecipitate with Na,K-ATPase in A549 lung cancer cells and in fetal human epithelial lens cells (Lauf et al., 2015). This evidence concerns the gene BAK1 and lung carcinoma.