GAL and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: This is consistent with our analyses of GAL in the PVN, a neuropeptide that is positively related to a HFD and increased in a state of dietary obesity (Kyrkouli et al., 1990b; Chen et al., 2005; Inouye et al., 2007) and, while unaffected by CXCL12 as shown here, is stimulated by another chemokine, CCL2 (Poon et al., 2014).