TNF and schizophrenia: Pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), IL-6, IL-1β, and interferon-γ (IFN-γ), formed by persistently actuated macrophages and T lymphocytes have also been conveyed as immunological altered components in schizophrenia (Smith and Maes, 1995; Na et al., 2014).