TNF and schizophrenia: They established that pro-inflammatory cytokine levels are constantly augmented in patients with schizophrenia and stated that pro-inflammatory cytokines like IL-6, IL-12, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IFN-γ are elevated in the blood and CSF in initial-onset and acute-relapse patients with schizophrenia (Miller et al., 2011; Na et al., 2014).