VCAM1 and ischemia: Results indicated that VCAM-1+CV-MSCs significantly alleviated the ischemia damage and ambulatory impairment (0.77 ± 0.37 and 0.59 ± 0.24), much better than the PBS group (2.77 ± 0.52 and 1.82 ± 0.33, n = 11, p <0.05), while VCAM-1−CV-MSCs showed a slight improvement compared with PBS treatment (1.86 ± 0.57 and 1.18 ± 0.36, n = 11, p >0.05; Fig. 6b, c).