IL1A and Sepsis: Colonic IL-1α and IL-1β levels in septic animals were also increased during sepsis at the protein and mRNA level, and others showed that IL-1 signaling in enteric glia cells was required for the development of ileus [38], and that increased IL-1β levels in the gut muscularis coincided with a delay in intestinal transit in a mouse model of postoperative ileus [39].