TNF and Stroke: Our group showed that patients with cardioembolic and atherothrombotic stroke subtypes showed significantly higher median plasma levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL-6), IL-1β, whereas the lacunar subtype showed significantly lower median plasma levels of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β5,7,8,9 and that immune-inflammatory marker plasma levels are significantly related to ischemic lesion volume.9