Consequently, present data suggests that the route to cognitive impairment in at least some cases of MND (ie ALSci) may be dissimilar to that seen in FTD (and leading to FTD + MND), which is most likely associated with TDP-43 proteinopathy in both conditions, thereby challenging the notion that all cognitive changes in FTD, FTD + MND and MND exist on a common pathological continuum. Here, TARDBP is linked to Cognitive impairment.