TGFB1 and chronic kidney disease: Recent studies have proposed soluble TNF receptor type II (TNF-RII) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) as new biomarkers of chronic inflammation [13] and metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), soluble Fas (sFas), soluble Fas ligand (sFasL), soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1), and transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1) as new markers of CVD risk in CKD patients [14–16].