PPIF and neurodegenerative disease: Genetic ablation of the Ppif gene (which encodes for CyPD) in the mouse or its displacement from the PTP by the treatment with cyclosporin A (CsA), a known inhibitor of the PTP, has been also used to demonstrate the important role of PTP in the pathophysiological mechanism of several diseases such as neurodegenerative diseases, muscular dystrophies, ischemia/reperfusion (I/R), and diabetes [2, 17, 18].