PDGFC and hepatocellular carcinoma: 2000; Ponten et al. 2003). Liver‐specific PDGF‐C overexpression by the transgene caused liver fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (Campbell et al. 2005). A local PDGF‐C overexpression in the lung led to massive mesenchymal cell hyperplasia and death from respiratory insufficiency immediately after birth (Zhuo et al. 2006).