A large body of experimental data has implicated IL-1 isoforms in atherogenesis.[32] Hence, IL-1 has emerged as a therapeutic target in patients with or at risk for atherosclerosis.[15] One approach to limiting IL-1 signaling in-vivo uses IL-1Ra, a naturally occurring member of the IL-1 family that blocks the IL-1 type 1 receptor (IL-1R1), which transduces signals from both isoforms. This evidence concerns the gene IL1B and atherosclerosis.