Quantitative real-time PCR at 7 dpi demonstrated that PbA infection resulted in significantly higher expression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα, Fig 6I; Log10 mRNA: 0.18 ± 0.04 vs. 0.03 ± 0.02; P < 0.01) and the monocyte chemoattractant, CCL2 (Fig 6J; Log10 mRNA: 0.32 ± 0.04 vs. -0.05 ± 0.07; P < 0.0001) when compared to uninfected mice. Here, TNF is linked to infection.