Therefore, the contrasting expression levels of HMGA1 and HMGA2 in ESCC and EAC could reflect the particular alterations involved in the genesis of squamous cell and adenocarcinomas since a specific-prevalent activation of HMGA2, in some cases in absence of that of HMGA1, has been also observed in other squamous carcinomas such as that of larynx (Palumbo Júnior et al. manuscript in preparation and ref [21]), oral cancer [22] and head and neck squamous carcinomas [23]. This evidence concerns the gene HMGA1 and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.