The importance of the finding that HMGA2 mRNA expression is capable of discriminating between tumor tissue (ESCC) and the histologically normal surrounding mucosa, as well as between ESCC and healthy esophageal tissues, is highly enhanced by the fact that it has been recently reported that HMGA2 mRNA can be detected in the plasma of patients affected by other neoplasms [20]. This evidence concerns the gene HMGA2 and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.