The main signal transduction pathways involved in insect immunity are the janus kinase/signal transduction and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT), Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK), Toll, immune deficiency (IMD), and c-jun Nterminal kinase (JNK) pathways38, 44. The gene discussed is MAPK8; the disease is Immunodeficiency.