Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β has an ability to induce malignant behavior of normal fibroblasts, at the same time, it has profound growth-suppressive effects on many cells.28 Tumor necrosis factor (TNF), an extraordinarily pleiotropic cytokine, also displays pro- and antitumoral effects.29 A potential mechanism is localized inflammation may lead to an immunosuppressive and tolerogenic tumor microenvironment.30 For the dark side of IFN-γ, Zaidi and Merlino31 believed it may lie in the homeostatic functions of IFN-γ. This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and neoplasm.