CD40LG and malaria: Fulani populations who have approximately 50% lactose tolerance (milk constitutes their main meal) live in sympatric conditions with Dogon populations in the same environment in Mali [11, 21, 65], Fulani are less susceptible to clinical malaria and exhibited higher baseline levels of inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-8, IL-12p70, IFN-α, IFN-γ) as well as malaria-specific antibodies (IgG, IgG1-3, and IgM) compared to Dogon [5, 11, 21, 65].