HPGD and neoplasm: TCF-β-catenin activation is known to be associated with activation of variety of genes-like c-myc and cyclin D1.20 EGFR activation leads to an increased activator protein-1-mediated induction of COX-2 transcription via MAPK and enhanced synthesis of PGE2.12 Reduced 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase expression restricts PGE2 catabolism resulting in enhanced accumulation of PGE2 in the tumor vicinity.11 This explains the reduced PGE2 and VEGF secretion we observed in respective immunoassays and can be implicated in hindered angiogenesis.