The CDH5:HPA ratios were significantly increased (Mann–Whitney or the Kruskal–Wallis tests) in patients who had developed recurrences (n=51) compared with those with no sign of recurrence (n=59) when tumour size, vascular invasion, lymph node involvement, menopausal and ER, PR and HER2 status, treatment (Tamoxifen, neoadjuvant chemotherapy) and lifestyle factors (alcohol consumption, BMI and smoking status) were considered, Figure 3. The gene discussed is HPSE; the disease is neoplasm.