Prendergast et al.(2011) showed that CIS can activate DNA damage response pathways, including induction of p53 and p21, and activation of PI3 kinase-related protein kinase (PIKK)-dependent phosphorylation of histone H2AX on serine 139, and replication protein A2 on serine4/serine8, in human bone marrow MSCs. The gene discussed is TP53; the disease is in situ carcinoma.