Interestingly, only when alum treatment was initiated five days (5 DPI) after the establishment of the tumor was significant growth reduction detected; the differences became more distinct over time.57 Cytokine profiles in peritoneal lavage and tumor homogenate were followed; they showed that IL-1β and TNFα were increased in the alum-treated groups, suggesting that the presence of particulate or crystalline structures can activate innate immune responses, particularly as a consequence of interaction with phagocytes associated with an enhanced inflammatory response. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and neoplasm.