RAPH1 and breast cancer: In 3D inverted chemotaxis assays toward EGF with MDA-MB-231 or SUM-159 invasive breast cancer lines35, 36 knockdown of Lpd significantly decreased invasion through matrigel (Figures 5a and b; Supplementary Figure 6A) and collagen (Supplementary Figures 6B–D) compared with control shRNA expressing cells.