Additionally several phase II studies have shown encouraging activity and survival outcomes of erlotinib as second/third-line treatment in EGFR-WT NSCLC patients [35–37], whereas the randomized phase III BR.21 study demonstrated a significant benefit of erlotinib over placebo in a pre-treated and unselected NSCLC population [18], leading to its approval in such setting in 2004. The gene discussed is EGFR; the disease is non-small cell lung carcinoma.