Our prior studies of malignant tubular epithelial cells in ccRCC organ culture indicated that signalling through TNFR2 induced ligand-independent transactivation of VEGFR2 and that blockade of VEGFR2 kinase activity inhibited TNFR2-induced cell cycle entry [37, 56, 57]. The gene discussed is KDR; the disease is nonpapillary renal cell carcinoma.