TNF and neoplasm: TNF-α binds to two receptors, namely, the ubiquitously expressed TNF receptor 1 (TNFR1) and hematopoietically restricted TNFR2, and modulates a signaling cascade that induces mediators of transcriptional regulation that are key to cell survival, invasion, angiogenesis, and impairment of immune surveillance in tumor biology [49, 58, 59, 62].