IRE1α binds TNF receptor-associated factor 2 (TRAF2), apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) and downstream kinases that further activate Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), which has also been linked to PD [26, 27]. This evidence concerns the gene MAP3K5 and Parkinson disease.