Furthermore, although previous studies have shown CAA-dependent alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and collagen loss in cerebral arterioles of AD subjects [54, 55], quantitative analyses of such vessel wall remodelling in cerebral arteries according to Braak tau stage (called “Braak stage” henceforth) in parallel to analysis of the arterioles in the same subjects have, to our knowledge, not been extensively performed. Here, ACTA1 is linked to Alzheimer disease.