In order to investigate the roles of Akt-mTOR pathway and Nrf2 anti-oxidant response element transcription pathway in HLRCC-associated kidney cancer, we examined the expressions of phosphorylated-Akt (Ser-473) (pAkt(Ser-473), phosphorylated-Akt (Thr-308) (pAkt(Thr-308), phosphorylated-S6 ribosomal protein (Ser-235/236) (pS6), and Nrf2 in surgically resected samples. Here, AKT1 is linked to hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell cancer.